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In the last issue you were introduced
to the Core Sound 17 Cat Ketch, the building plans from B & B
Design and some general speculations about tools and materials. Now
we're ready to start the actual process of putting this boat together.
But, unlike the step-by-step articles typical of Wooden Boat Magazine,
we will not cover every detail of the construction. Sorry. This story
is not a manual, but broader in scope with focus on general boat building
techniques and merely framed around the Core Sound. However, subjects
that are fundamental to today's methods, like scarfing and epoxy use,
will be covered in greater detail.
A stitch and glue design require a lot of plywood. We discussed earlier
the virtues of good stuff, so a load of flawless Okoume BS 1088 was
obtained from Edensaw in Port Townsend, Washington. The price was
roughly $700.00 in September 06. All things considered a formidable
sum for 12 sheets of plywood. This and more went through my head as
I hovered the screaming skilsaw over the stack, hesitating to get
the ball rolling. A boat is an intensely complex affair, even this
one, and the investment of both money and especially time is sizeable.
Do hesitate! Let go of the saw and meditate a bit, if possible. Then
double check everything.
But first a looming question needs an answer: Butt Joint or Scarf?
Big Debate # 2, concerning plywood again.
The Core Sound 17 and almost all other boats available as plywood
plans are quite a bit longer than standard 8' sheets. This creates
an issue for us. Somehow we need to fashion a near invisible transition
between the two or more lengths of ply that is also of some integrity.
Brief synopsis of the commonly used methods for solving this: Butt
jointing involves, yes, butting two square edges against each other
and doing all the structural glassing and so forth on the hidden
back side. With scarfing you carve two matching tapered edges, which
will overlap each other with glue holding them in place.
I have never hesitated at this junction. While the initial appeal
of butt jointing is the dead easy layout and even simpler execution,
the general esthetics will pass no test. It is damn hard fairing
the joint, and equally troublesome keeping a hairline crack from
messing with the paint job. Out the door.
Scarfing is a tricky, time consuming process that takes practice
to do well. But it CAN be done well, unlike butting.
Here's one way:
Cut the taper. A successful plywood scarf needs to be 8 times longer
than the thickness of the material, or 2" long in 1/4"
ply, which is what we will use in this example. First stack the
two edges to be joined parallel, with the top one 2" back from
the other. Mark another parallel line 2" back on the top sheet.
Grab a razor sharp block plane and remove all material between the
top line and the bottom outboard edge of the lower sheet, creating
a 4" long sloping ramp. The glue lines in the plywood visually
helps keeping things in line, as you work the material down. Take
your time and do it well. If the result is unsatisfactory first
time around, saw off the tapers and start over. Most layouts have
enough waste to try at least twice.
Dry fitting. Find a dead flat spot on the floor and put down a sacrificial
piece of plywood where the scarf will go. Cover that area with plastic
sheeting and lay down the first piece of ply with the taper up.
Fasten it with a couple of screws. With the taper facing down slide
the mating piece up to the first one. Using string lines make sure
the long edges of the two sheets line up straight.
Take a close look at the scarf. Nudge the two sheets towards each
other until a straightedge laid across the scarf shows no gaps.
The joint is now perfect if we didn't need the inconvenience of
gluing. But since a healthy application of thickened epoxy takes
up several microns in thickness we must slide the mating surfaces
apart about a 16th of an inch. Not doing this will result in an
utterly unfairable scarf, bad on any boat.
After you're happy with everything, sink a few screws in the top
sheet and clearly mark its location with bridging tick marks. When
absolutely sure you can reposition it exactly to this place, back
out the screws and flip it over, leaving the first sheet buttoned
down.
Bonding. Mix some goop and brush on a clear, unadulterated coat
on both surfaces. Add wood flour to the remaining epoxy until it
is the consistency of a good brand of organic peanutbutter, and
smear a generous layer on the fixed sheet. Flip the other over again,
find the reference marks and the original screw holes and fasten
it down. More plastic next and then go look for a piece of plywood
6" wide and as long as the scarf is wide. Predrill two lines
of pilot holes in this piece, down each side of the scarf, and suck
it down with screws long enough to go thru the whole sandwich and
into the floor, if permissible. Step back and hope the best. You
will know tomorrow.
There we go. The first crucial thing to master. Read other descriptions
of scarfing too, and settle on a system. But whatever you find out,
don't forget to back the scarf apart as described, prior to gluing.
Two comments: With scarfing, as opposed to butt jointing, you can
benefit from making up the pieces for the bottom and the sides before
marking and cutting out the final shape. So prior to gluing find
out the widest spot on these parts, add an inch for good measure,
rip the plywood and then scarf them together into some really long,
unwieldy planks. Comment # 2: Don't forget you lose 2-3" of
material length per scarf!
In the first article we mention some of the tools needed. Well,
there's one more item of great importance in the kit. It cannot
be purchased, but you will need several of them. It is that boatbuilder's
special called a batten, namely a thin, long piece of wood that
will bend to fair curves for laying out and marking boat like shapes.
Here's what to do: Get hold of the longest piece of clear one-by
pine you can find. Promptly rip this costly board into 3/4"
strips and scarf (more on this later) them together to produce 2
lenghts of flexible battens, at least 18' long. Plane one down to
1/2" square and keep the other one fat for gentle runs like
keel profiles. Out of the remaining stock you can make an assortment
of skinnier battens for tighter curves of various lengths. Until
needed, lay them all ceremoniously to rest on a fully supported
rack out of reach of young boatbuilders.
Okay, back to boatbuilding. With the rough side and bottom panels
all scarfed together, draw the final shape of these various parts
on the plywood itself. A 20' long table will come in handy here.
The plans contain all the measurements needed. Transferring these
onto the wood gives you a number of pin points, which you will then
fair into a smooth curve using those long battens just described
. Tack a small finish nail in every point and bend the batten around.
Now sight the resulting curve from all possible angles, while looking
for flat spots and bumps. Some of the nails will hold the batten
from running fair. Try removing those. Others will not even touch
the batten. Ignore them.
Again you will benefit from a calm attitude and lots of time with
this important step. The ultimate shape of the boat relies on your
judgment. What you're doing here, besides working on a boat, is
developing an eye for fair curves and an ability to know when things
run smooth together into something just right. Don't underestimate
these skills. Your boat depend on them.
When cutting long curves in plywood my tool of choice is a skilsaw,
AKA circular saw. Set the saw's blade depth a hair deeper than the
thickness of the plywood, and you can follow even the tightest curve
on this boat much smoother than with a wandering jigsaw. The general
woodworking ethos of sawing to the outside of the mark applies here
as well. ALWAYS leave the line and things will inevitably end well.
Plane the cut down to the line with the block plane. Sight the curves
again and fuss over them till satisfied. Then fuss some more.
Now things get interesting. The hull will rather quickly take shape
during the next couple of steps, which is the charm of stitch and
glue. To quickly summarize this method: The prescarfed, precut panels
you just made so carefully, will now be stacked inside face against
inside face and crudely laced together with wire. Then you will
open up the whole package like a book, with much creaking and groaning
from plywood and builder alike until, almost magically, the shapely
hull of the boat sits on the floor.
The CS 17 need a little fiberglass support in addition to the ubiquitous
wire ties. In the plans you will find out how to arrange all the
panels on the floor prior to applying this glass tape on the bows.
Oh wait..the plans are somewhat vague regarding this. In fact the
precise angle of the bottoms in relation to the sides is your call,
within several degrees of variation. Rather scary, since the consequences
of a misalignment are impossible to foresee!
Also, some builders, myself included, have looked at those short
strips of temporary glass holding the front of the assemblies together,
and questioned their integrity. Tremendous force is concentrated
here when tweaking the hull panels into 3D. A cheap insurance is
to bridge the aft end of the glass joint with a small cleat of 9mm
plywood. Make up two pieces for each side, about 2"x4"
and bolt them together across the chine, one piece inside the boat,
the other outside. Leave them on for a week or two after unfolding.
Stitching is next. A low stress job. To ensure even tension on all
those wires, which will translate into a fair joint, twist the wire
tight on top of a short piece of 3/8" dowel temporarily laid
against the end grain of the plywood.
Now enlist at least one willing helper, preferably a fellow boathead.
Study the plans together. Have rope, clamps, screwgun and a full
day at hand. Drink a cup of calming herb tea, and commence to unfold
the boat. Since this is not a low stress job the biggest challenge
may be to remain friends with your assistant.
Set the stack upright from its position on the floor. The long side
panels, daintily attached to the bottom by that patch of glass,
quickly becomes a major liability as they arch out in space like
enormous moth wings. Rig rope supports or get more manpower. Securing
the bow vertically to something solid may also be an advantage.
With the wings under control, keep opening up the bottom panels
until the temporary middle mold can be screwed in, then fit the
forward bulkhead with wire ties.
Now bend the wings around these two stations, wiring them to the
bottom as you go. To keep things relatively balanced, do a little
on one chine, then switch side, etc. Finish off by wiring in the
transom.
There it is. A big tub of a boat. After getting the heartrate down
a bit, it's time to start fussing over details, once again. Determine
the working height that will suit you for the remainder of the project,
and build cradle supports based on the three bulkhead/mold patterns.
Stick the hull on these. Go over the chines and keel joint making
sure they meet in a fair curve. Loosen and tighten wires accordingly.
Whack recalcitrant spots in place with a rubber mallet. Sight the
joints from all angles. You know the routine by now.
Then level the boat athwartship using the best spirit levels you
can borrow. If they are too short, as they surely will be, bridge
the sheer with dead straight lumber. To make any sense these beams
have to be absolutely perpendicular to the fore-aft centerline,
which you will achieve by horning. Ehh, what? Remember the isosceles
triangle? Or, simpler said, measure back from the bow to a point
on the sheer, repeat on the other side the same distance, and you
have a line across the boat that is square to the CL.
Like a poorly directed movie, where all the drama is played out
in the first 15 minutes, anything further done on this boat is anticlimactic.
Sorry. Tedium will rule now. But it is still boatbuilding.
A major step in completing a stitch and glue job is turning all
those rickety seams with their wires into something more solid.
This is accomplished with a combination of modified epoxy fillets
and fiberglass tape, as mentioned in the first installment.
First tackle the inside. Actually first decide what to do with the
wires. One school of thought dictate removing them after building
up the fillet, but before it turns rock hard. Timing is essential
here. Another says to tack weld the seam with globs of epoxy on
the outside, snip the wires and put in the structural fillet. Then
there are the folks who leave the wires in, because they use copper
instead of steel. Your choice. I use a combination of them all,
but lean towards the tack weld one.
Okay, back to the fillets. The idea is to build up a gentle radius
of thickened goop, filling the entire length of those inside seams.
This adds strength to a critical area, in addition to accommodating
an overlay of fiberglass tape, which otherwise pull away from tight
corners.
Wet out the surrounding wood. Mix a dose of epoxy and colloidal
silica, AKA cab-o-sil, to the consistency of nut butter and smear
it liberally into the seam. Grab a premade plywood stick with one
end rounded smoothly (a one inch radius will do all the filleting
on this boat), and run this paddle firmly along the joint. With
enough epoxy in place the result is a nicely rounded fillet. Notice
how the radius changes when you angle the paddle. Use this leeway
to accommodate different areas on the boat. Make little chisels
out of tongue depressors, and scoop up the excess material pushed
off to the sides, and deposit it further along. The neater you are
during filleting, the better the glass will lay. When you get good,
no sanding is needed between these two steps, as long as the glassing
gets done roughly within 24 hours.
Glassing. The Core Sound 17 needs 2 staggered layers of 3"
wide tape running inside and outside of all chines, keel joints
and bulk head connections. The end result will be a very strong,
rigid structure. First the inside. With the fillets in place, get
out the tape and decide on one of two different approaches. One,
lay the tape dry along the joint, neat and straight, and come back
with a brush and epoxy to wet it all out. Or two, on the workbench
saturate the strip, roll it up and then unroll it where it needs
to go. I'm with method one, so that's what we'll work with here.
When laying down the strips notice how one of the selvage edges
has a thick roll of fibers along it, while the other is flat. Since
we're doing two overlapping layers, it is best if this thick edge
doesn't end up under the top layers, creating a hard to fill pocket
of air. So think of this when positioning the first strip. Smoothen
out all wrinkles. At sharp bends it may be impossible to achieve
this, so snip the tape with scissors perpendicular to the run.
The glass takes a little time to wet out, and will shift under aggressive
brushing with the relatively viscous epoxy. To get started I first
place fat globs of epoxy at random intervals and let this soak through.
With the strip now smothered to the fillet, it is a simple, though
time consuming job to wet the rest out. Still watch out for creep
and shifting, which will trap air, the bane of fiberglassing. Don't
starve the glass; but conversely avoid floating the tape on too
much epoxy. Work over the job again and again, with a wet brush.
Some areas are slow to saturate, and others pull away from the substrate
as you turn your back. Sometimes, when the epoxy hardens a little
you can get adhesion is those trouble spots.
So, if you got more in you, return to the starting point while things
are still a bit sticky and lay down strip # 2, staggered half an
inch or so. Repeat the whole wetting out scenario until satisfied,
which indeed makes for a full day.
Take a break from the chemical lab and install some structural
members of real wood: Inwales and keel batten. These tasks pose
only a few challenges, so now is a fine time for a quick discussion
of suitable wood species for boatbuilding. This is a major subject,
and distilling it to fit our limited space here is hard, but I'll
try.
Regional choices hardly matter in this world of petroleum fired
shipping, but I'm in the Northwest, Coastal Douglas Fir grow here,
and that's what I use. It's a wonderful all round wood, when lumber
of reasonable quality is obtained. Decay resistant, strong, pretty
and smells good. Splinters a bit along the edges, but nothing is
perfect.
I find all my Doug Fir at the local lumber yard, sold as construction
lumber at construction prices. Only a few boards in those immense
stacks of 2X material are worth getting, so the trick is to be around
when they make it to the surface. Befriending the yardworkers is
a good way to start a lumber collection. Whenever I need something
there, I always swing by the yard and scan the lumber piles. You
learn quickly what to look for: Tight ring count on the endgrain,
tan or beige color instead of pink, small sound knots or, lo and
behold, clear.
However broad spectred and utilitarian Doug Fir might be, occasionally
a job calls for something stronger than a mere softwood. White oak
was a tremendous choice until finicky boatbuilders discovered compatibility
issues with epoxy. Want to glue it? Look for something else. Honduras
Mahogany? Hardly any different in strength and density from Doug
Fir, so why pay a premium for another acre of tropical deforestation?
No, for those odd jobs I keep a few boards of ash around. It's an
affordable, very strong, easily worked species, unfortunately encumbered
with limited decay resistance. Treat this downfall with epoxy encapsulation.
That's about it for my shop, but the list is off course long much
longer: The cedars, southern yellow pine, spruce, cypress, etc.
Where were we? Oh yes, the inwales. Mine would most definitely
not bend willingly in the bow, with the pieces cut to the specified
scantlings. A neat gunwale/inwale job calls for some end tapering
anyway, so back at the bench I planed the forward 5 feet gradually
down to 1 1/8" x 1/2". Some resistance was still encountered,
but we got them in.
The keel batten AKA keelson has a changing bevel on the underside
to fit in the bottom vee of the boat. If you don't get it right
a little epoxy will save the day. More important is a straight run
fore-aft with the keelson centerline directly above the bottom CL.
I installed a super tight stringline and dryfitted the keelson under
it. Shores to the ceiling will help hold everything in place as
you square the line down. When satisfied I made lots of tick marks
and glued the thing in precisely where it had been, using the same
shores again.
A mighty good looking boat now sits on the shop floor waiting for
the next installment, where we will finish things off.
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